Definition: Audit Report is the final report prepared and signed by an auditor of the company in which the auditor expresses his opinion concerning the fairness and reliability of the financial statements, and the auditor should prepare the audit report by keeping his client in a mind that he/she will read a report so the report should cover all relevant facts and the auditor's … [Read more...] about Audit Report
Contract Costing
Definition: Contract Costing is an accounting of a long-term contract work usually applicable on construction work such as building construction, bridge construction, road construction and other long-run engineering works which take long duration in completion, i.e., a year or more. However, contract costing is very much similar to job costing but is not same, in contract … [Read more...] about Contract Costing
Debt Vs Equity
In simple terms, debt is the sum acquired from the outside or external sources along with the liability of some specific amount of interest at the time of repayment of borrowed funds and the equity is the owner’s capital; however, both debt and equity funds are raised to increase the share capital of the company. Debts are the credits for the company and hence return on … [Read more...] about Debt Vs Equity
Bonus Shares
Definition: Bonus Shares are the supplementary or extra shares distributed to the current stakeholders of the company without taking any extra amount from them, and these shares are issued out of free reserves created from the profits earned by the company. They do not make any impact on the stakeholder’s equity as they are allotted to relocate the retained earnings to the … [Read more...] about Bonus Shares
Accounting Principles
Definition: Accounting Principles are the rules and regulations of the accounting language accepted worldwide and are made to make the language understandable for all and ensures the accounting records reliability. Accounting principles should be followed to maintain the resemblance of the records. So that the records should reveal the same information to everyone using the … [Read more...] about Accounting Principles
Brand Equity
Definition: Brand Equity is the worth of the brand in the consumer’s mind, i.e., it is an added value given by the customer to any brand, as a well-known brand name becomes a worthwhile asset for the company. It lifts brand significance in the marketing strategy. Trademarks and patents are some of the brand assets, and apart from that brand loyalty, brand quality is the other … [Read more...] about Brand Equity
Marginal Costing
Definition: In Marginal Costing, we study the impact of variable cost at distinctive levels of production capacity for that we need to divide the total cost into fixed and variable cost because the fixed cost does not make any impact on marginal cost. However, fluctuations in variable cost in different production capacities are known as the marginal cost for the … [Read more...] about Marginal Costing
Monopoly
Definition: Monopoly is one of the extreme imperfect markets amongst Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly as it lacks several characteristics of perfect competition and it exists where a single firm rules the industry. The word Monopoly is a combination of two words in which “mono” implies “single” and “poly” means “seller”. Therefore, the market controlled by a … [Read more...] about Monopoly
Hedging
Definition: Hedging means limiting something by certain conditions in general terms; however, in financial terminology, hedging is a process of protecting oneself against any loss in investment, i.e., it is a method of using market instrument tactically to compensate any unfavourable movements of prices, or we can say the investor hedge one investment by hedging … [Read more...] about Hedging
Municipal Bond
Definition: Municipal Bond are the bonds which are issued by the local government or agencies to complete their minor projects or to complete the public welfare work for which finance is required, a government issues a certificate consisting of its worth and also provides interest on such certificates to the holders of Municipal Bonds. A general example for which the local … [Read more...] about Municipal Bond